The

recommended daily dose is one 2-g sachet once daily by mouth. The absorption of strontium ranelate is reduced by food, milk and its derivative products, and the drug should be administered, therefore, between meals. Ideally, it should be taken at bedtime, preferably at least 2 h after eating. No dosage adjustment is required in relation to age or in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment 4-Hydroxytamoxifen clinical trial (creatinine clearance 30–70 ml/min). Strontium ranelate is not recommended for patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min). Adverse events observed with strontium ranelate are usually mild and transient. The most common adverse events are nausea and diarrhoea which are generally reported at the beginning of treatment and usually disappear after the third month of treatment. An increase in the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) (relative risk, 1.42; confidence interval, CI, 1.02, 1.98) has been reported when pooling all phase III studies in osteoporosis [205]. A causal relationship with VTE and the use of strontium EPZ5676 in vivo ranelate has not been established. However, strontium ranelate is contraindicated

in patients with a past Alpelisib in vivo history of thrombophlebitis. Treatment should be stopped in patients in high-risk situations for VTE such as prolonged immobilisation without appropriate preventive measures taken. The post-marketing experience of patients treated with strontium ranelate reported cases of the drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome (<20 for 570,000 patient-years of exposure) [206]. This incidence is in the vicinity of what has been previously reported as severe skin reactions, with most of the other currently marketed anti-osteoporosis medications [207]. A causative

link has not been firmly established, as strontium is Glutathione peroxidase a trace element naturally present in the human body, and ranelic acid is poorly absorbed. Owing to the possible fatality linked to this syndrome, however, it is important to discontinue immediately strontium ranelate and other concomitant treatment known to induce the syndrome in the case of suspicious major skin disorders that occur within 2 months of starting treatment [208]. Denosumab Critical molecules for the differentiation, activation and survival of osteoclasts are the receptor activator of nuclear factor NFkB (RANK); its ligand RANKL, a member of the tumour necrosis factor superfamily, and OPG, which acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL. A fully human antibody against RANKL has been developed. This antibody, denosumab, has been shown to specifically bind to RANKL with a very high affinity, preventing its interaction with the receptor RANK [209]. The anti-fracture efficacy of 60 mg denosumab given subcutaneously every 6 months has been evaluated in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. After 3 years, there was a 68 % reduction in the incidence of new vertebral fractures. The incidence of clinical vertebral fractures was similarly reduced by 69 %.