These primers amplified a 226 bp band. PCR products were analyzed by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis, and they were observed and photographed under ultraviolet light. Band intensities were Olaparib price analyzed by the Touching gel imaging system and compared with β-actin to calculate relative expression levels. Immunohistochemical method Tissue samples were stained with two different antibodies via immunohistochemical method according to conventional staining procedures. Negative and positive controls were run synchronously. For the positive control, CIN and CC tissues were replaced by normal cervical tissues, while for the

negative control, phosphate buffer substituted for the primary antibody. Paraffin sections were deparaffinized by routine methods, and antigen retrieval was achieved by microwave treatment. After blocking with serum, IGFBP-5 and cFLIP rabbit anti-human polyclonal antibodies were applied at a dilution of 1:50

and incubated overnight at 37°C. The samples were rinsed three times with PBS (pH 7.2) for 5 min each, then incubated with biotin-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG for 15 min at 37°C, rinsed again, and incubated with selleck compound horseradish peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin for 30 min at 37°C. Finally, the sections were rinsed, stained with DAB, re-stained by hematoxylin, dehydrated in an ethanol gradient, cleared in xylene, and fixed by neutral balata. Immunohistochemical assessment This semi-quantitative assay was conducted under a high power lens (×400) integrated with staining intensity and the percent of positive cells. The expression of IGFBP-5 and cFLIP proteins in the histocytes was mostly localized to the cytoplasm, which appeared brownish yellow and contained brownish yellow particles. More than 10 representative fields of each section were observed under high power before we evaluated the staining results. We looked for positive staining within the squamous for epithelia

of the control group, in the CIN focus position of the CIN group, and in the cancer focus of the CC group. We scored for staining intensity (0: no color; 1: light yellow; 2: brownish yellow; 3: chocolate brown) and the percent of positive cells (0: < 5%; 1: 5 to 25%; 2: 26 to 50%; 3: 51 to 75%; 4: > 75%) separately, and the summation of the two gave the final score (-: 0–2; +: 3–4; ++: 5–6; +++: 7) [12]. Detection of high risk-HPV Hybrid capture II assay was applied to directly detect high risk-HPV DNA (American DIGENE Co.). Thirteen HPV subtypes (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68) can be detected by this method. In this protocol, double-stranded DNA in the specimen is turned into single-stranded DNA, which is then combined with an RNA probe to form a DNA-RNA hybrid. This hybrid was fixed with a specific antibody, which was subsequently combined with an enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody.