These results indicate a prominent role for PorA, contained in the MenB vaccine, of inducing bactericidal antibodies. Fig. 3A shows the opsonic antibody response to the vaccine strain measured as median of fluorescence induced during the burst oxidative of neutrophils. A significant increase in opsonic antibody levels was recorded after 1 or 3 doses (median of 697 and 1395, respectively) of vaccine. A subsequent decline (P < 0.05) of antibody concentrations (median and mean

of 20) was registered 6 months after the third dose (pre-booster) with a little increase of antibody levels after the booster dose (median and mean of 20 and 285, respectively). As one can see in Fig. 3B these antibodies were predominantly directed to PorA protein. Overall, significant correlations were not found between circulating bactericidal or opsonic antibody Selleck TGFbeta inhibitor titers and frequencies of memory B-cells, except for positive correlation see more between opsonic antibodies and memory B-cells after the booster dose (r = 0.99, P = 0.0002). Despite the same kinetics of response, there was no correlation between opsonic and bactericidal antibody titers at any time point of the study. These observations are in accordance with published

data [15] and suggest the importance of measuring not only serum antibodies as a sole marker for vaccine efficacy. To distinguish the putative virgin and memory CD4+ T-cell subsets, we analyzed the expression of CD45RA and CCR7. The virgin subset is CD45RA+CCR7+, whereas the memory/effector subsets are CD45RA−CCR7+ (TCM) or CD45RA−CCR7− (TEM). Because effector terminally differentiated T-cells (TET)

can re-express CD45RA, we also included the T cells CD45RA+CCR7− as TEM. To calculate the relative frequency of TEM and TCM we considered the sum of the percentage of the three quadrants representative of the memory/effector cells as 100%. Fig. 4A and B shows the mean percentage of TCM and TEM cells, relative to total memory/activated cells, before and 3 days after primary immunisation of volunteers with the MenB vaccine. In general, the frequencies of TEM were higher (P > 0.05) than TCM frequencies. Interestingly, TCM proportions increased Electron transport chain (+7%, P > 0.05) after OMV stimulation of cells (mean of 42% versus 35% before stimulation). In contrast, the presence of antigen induced a decrease (−6%, P > 0.05) in TEM frequencies from a mean of 64–58%, probably reflecting their terminal differentiation after stimulation. These data indicated the specificity of the reaction, since we worked with the whole population of CD4+ T-cells. About 6 months after the primary immunisation (day 0 after booster) the percentage of MenB-specific TCM (mean of 49%) and TEM (mean of 51%) were similar ( Fig. 4C and D). The booster dose induced a gradual increase, from 3 days to 14 days, in MenB-TCM reaching statistical significance 14 days later (mean of 65%).