This could explain the improved performance found in the lower performing atheletes while ingesting NpPROCHO. The potential ergogenic effect of Nutripeptin™ on long-lasting physical performance is either related to its physical status (i.e. it consist of degraded protein) or to PXD101 cell line its chemical composition (i.e. the amino acid composition). As for the first explanation, Saunders et al. [10] speculated that hydrolyzed protein is absorbed more efficiently across the gastrointestinal (GI) wall than intact proteins and that this may mediate improved performance. This would result in a more rapid

and larger increase in [protein/amino acids] in blood plasma, with potential physiological effects such as an augmented insulinogenic response. In our opinion, this is unlikely to have been the case in our study, primarily because the similar increase in BUN values observed for the two protein beverages suggests that the performance-related differences between the beverages was not caused by differences in uptake or oxidation rates of amino Talazoparib purchase acids. Secondarily, the ingestion of intact whey protein and hydrolyzed whey protein has been shown to be associated with similar absorption kinetics, with hydrolyzed protein

actually being associated with slower insulinogenic kinetics [27]. As for the second potential explanation, regarding a role for the chemical composition of Nutripeptin™, this has previously been suggested to underly the increased oxidative Neratinib capacity and loss of visceral fat observed in rats after long-term ingestion of hydrolyzed fish protein [19, 20], suggesting a metabolic shift towards fatty acids. This, however, is unlikely to be the explanation behind the potential ergogenic effect of NPPROCHO ingestion relative to CHO, as the RER data suggests that similar substrate

sources were utilized for ATP production for all three beverage treatments. Conclusions In summary, our results gives support to the hypothesis that co-ingestion of carbohydrate and unprocessed protein does not improve 5 min mean-power performance following 120-min prolonged submaximal cycling compared to ingestion of CHO alone. Correlational analysis indicate that Np added with whey protein and carbohydrate may provide ergogenic benefit for lesser trained athletes. However, the current data precludes us from definitively positing this, and mechanisms of such possible effects remain unknown. The effect seems to be restricted to athletes that were approaching their limits of physical achievement. To further elucidate this intriguing prospect, future research should focus on protocols with longer-lasting pre-exhaustive submaximal exercise (> 120 min), followed by a time trial, ensuring a more competition-like simulation for cyclists.