This has been demonstrated by increased cell-surface expression of the introduced α or β chains.2,20–22 Mixed αβ TCR dimers are of concern for two main reasons. First, incorrect pairing of the introduced αβ TCR chains causes reduced specific pairing on the cell surface of the desired TCR. This will have a detrimental affect on the avidity of the resultant T cell. Second, and perhaps more importantly for the clinical setting, the formation of mixed dimers has been perceived as a possible safety concern. Such mixed TCR dimers have undefined antigen specificity and because they have bypassed in vivo thymic selection selleck inhibitor it is postulated that the mismatched TCRs

could recognize self-tissue or self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC), leading to autoimmunity. Although off-target autoimmune pathology was not observed in the Rosenberg phase I clinical trial,8 it has been reported that TCR-transduced T cells expressing novel mixed TCR dimers can be autoreactive and/or demonstrate alloreactivity in vitro.23 However, the tendency to form mixed dimers varies between differing TCRs. It is likely that specific sequences within both the variable and constant domains

of the TCR dictate whether a given α or β chain has a tendency to behave promiscuously and readily dimerize with reciprocal endogenous β or α chains, respectively. As a continuation Roxadustat clinical trial of the observation Sclareol that murine TCRs can readily

replace human TCRs on the T-cell surface, as discussed above,12 it has been shown that human TCRs which have been modified such that their constant domains are replaced with murine sequences preferentially dimerise with their murinised counterparts in preference to fully human TCRs. Compared with their human equivalent, murinised human hybrid TCRs show increased cell-surface expression immediately after T-cell transduction, which translates into enhanced T-cell function.12,22 It is hypothesized that the improved function of T cells transduced with the human–murine hybrid TCR is not only caused by the reduction of mispaired TCR dimers, but by the increased efficiency of TCR expression on the cell surface because the constant domain of the murine TCR interacts and competes more efficiently than the human constant domains with endogenous CD3. The addition of an exogenous disulphide bond in the constant domain of the TCR has also been demonstrated to reduce TCR mispairing and therefore also to increase the functional avidity of the resultant T cells.22,24,25 Unpublished work from our laboratory, and from others, has demonstrated that the combination of the murinisation and the addition of a cysteine bond in the constant domain are additive on their effect on TCR cell expression, and therefore T-cell functional activity, in comparison to their sole components.