This study examined the ability of the host immune system to discriminate AZD9291 research buy commensal oral bacteria from pathogens at mucosal surfaces, i.e. oral cavity. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody reactive with three pathogenic and five commensal oral bacteria in 301 current smokers

(age range 21–66 years) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical features of periodontal health were used as measures of periodontitis. Antibody to the pathogens and salivary cotinine levels were related positively to disease severity; however, the antibody levels were best described by the clinical disease unrelated to the amount of smoking. The data showed a greater immune response to pathogens than commensals that was related specifically check details to disease extent, and most noted in black males. Significant correlations in individual patient responses to the pathogens and commensals were lost with an increasing extent of periodontitis and serum

antibody to the pathogens. Antibody to Porphyromonas gingivalis was particularly distinct with respect to the discriminatory nature of the immune responses in recognizing the pathogens. Antibody responses to selected pathogenic and commensal oral microorganisms differed among racial groups and genders. The antibody response to the pathogens was related to disease severity. The level of antibody to the pathogens, and in particular P. gingivalis, was correlated with disease severity in black and male subsets of patients. The amount of smoking did not appear to impact directly serum antibody levels to these oral bacteria. Successful colonization of the oral cavity depends upon the presence of bacterial

attachment sites on the conditioning layer derived from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid coating the oral hard and soft tissues surfaces [1] and microbial accumulation by autogenic and allogenic succession. Initial bacterial colonization by pioneering microorganisms alters the environment and enhances subsequent colonization by species more suited for the new environment (autogenic succession). Allogenic succession also occurs with environmental changes driven by a factor(s) other than those derived from the pioneer microorganisms, including those host-controlled factors Avelestat (AZD9668) [2,3]. The resulting microbial communities or biofilms are complex ecosystems of bacteria that develop over time and are somewhat unique to various ecological niches [2,4,5]. The ecology in an individual evolves over time at the level of the quantity and quality of phyla, genera and species [6–8], as well as the genomic profile of the individual species [9–12]. However, this evolution generally leads to equilibrium between the microbiota and the environment as a climax community. Climax biofilm communities are thought to be unique to each individual and ecological niche in the oral cavity [2,3].