Though many persist in using combinations in Hygrocybe for species of Cuphophyllus, these genera appear at opposite ends of molecular phylogenies of Hygrophoraceae, which would render Hygrocybe polyphyletic. If Cuphophyllus and Hygrocybe were included in the same genus, it would necessitate applying the oldest

name, Hygrophorus, to the entire family, including species with amyloid spores (Cantharellula and Pseudoarmillariella), lignicolous species (Chrysomphalina) and lichenized species (Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum, Dictyonema and Lichenomphalia) to keep it monophyletic. Cuphophyllus has traditionally been placed in the Hygrophoraceae based on the highly elongated basidia and waxy hymenium. Relative length of basidia to basidiospores is variable in the Hygrophoraceae

(Table 3), Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor and some genera outside the Hygrophoraceae LEE011 price yield a waxy substance when crushed (e.g., Camarophyllopsis in the Clavariaceae, and Neohygrophorus in Tricholomataceae sl), so neither character is diagnostic for the family (Lodge et al. 2006). With the exception of sect. Fornicati in which there is a broad subregular mediostratum with more interwoven lateral strata (Fig. 24), and the C. aurantius complex in which the lamellar trama is subregular (Fig. 25), the trama hyphae in Cuphophyllus are typically highly interwoven (Fig. 23, at least in the lateral strands, if a subregular central strand is present), and in most species they are Abiraterone datasheet cylindrical with slightly thickened, refractive walls. The

refractive, interwoven context hyphae probably accounts for the brittle texture and chalky appearance of the lamellae in many Cuphophyllus species. Fig. 24 Cuphophyllus, sect. Cuphophyllus, Cuphophyllus aff. pratensis lamellar cross section, (TN-177, DJL06TN51, Tennessee, Great Smoky Mt. Nat. Park, USA). Scale bar = 20 μm Fig. 25 Cuphophyllus aurantius lamellar cross section composite drawing comprised of an upper, middle and lamellar edge sections (PR-6601, Puerto Rico). Scale bar = 20 μm We retain two sections, Cuphophyllus and Virginei, and recombine Hygrocybe sect. Fornicati (Bataille) Bon and Camarophyllus sect. Adonidum (as Adonidi) Singer as sections in Cuphophyllus, but we have refrained from GDC-0449 purchase making additional infrageneric changes for several reasons. The positions of several species are unstable, including Camarophyllus adonis Singer (type of Camarophyllus sect. Adonidi Singer), C. basidiosus, C. canescens and C. flavipes – a situation unlikely to be resolved without greater taxon sampling, especially from Australasia (e.g., C. griseorufescens from NZ in Fig. 22). In 2012, there were ca. 80 species with combinations in Camarophyllus, Cuphophyllus or Hygrocybe, and we have sequenced an additional ten unnamed species, so we conservatively estimate there are at least 100 species belonging in Cuphophyllus globally.